Python Advanced Summary

Summary of Python Advanced Fundamentals

This page covers all main points throughout the Python advanced fundamentals.

String Formatting (more)

• f-strings and format method are more beneficial
• % operator, concatenation, and comma methods have limitations

Python Advanced (more)

• Python allows saving code into own modules
• importing occurs through the normal keyword “import”
• built-in “dir()” function outputs features of an object

Python Advanced Data Types (more)

• third argument (steps) in slicing sets the slicing step
• negative indexing reverses the order of slicing (back to front)
• “sort()” executes onto original data, “sorted()” executes onto copied data
• “sort()” is exclusive to lists, “sorted()” applies to various data types
• sorting reverse argument reverses the order
• referencing only references a variable to another (no new object)
• shallow copying creates new object, but references original content to copy
• deep copying creates new object and copies all original content to copy

Python Advanced Conditions (more)

• logical operators(and, or, and not)
• membership operators (in and not in)
• identity operators (is and is not)

Python Advanced Loops (more)

• “else” statement executes code once the loop finishes
• if loop is interrupted, “else” statement does not output
• nested loops execute one loop inside another
• outer loop iterate once, inner loop iterate all possibilities

Python Random (more)

• “random()” outputs a random float number between 0 and 1
• “randint()” outputs a random integer number between a given range
• “choice()” outputs a random item from a data type
• “sample()” outputs a random item(s) from a data type
• “choices()” outputs a random selection from a data type
• “shuffle()” outputs a randomly shuffled sequence from a data type
• “seed()” initialises a random generator

Python Advanced Functions (more)

• arbitrary arguments (*args) tackles identity issues
• keyword arbitrary arguments (**kwargs) tackles parament/argument identity issues
• recursion is essentially a function calling itself

Python Advanced Classes (more)

• inheritance passes properties and methods from one class to another
• the class passing the features is the parent class
• the class receiving the features is the child class
• child class can have features on its own
• child class can overwrite parent class features
• “super()” function passes all features from a parent class to a child class
• “super()” function advances with multiple inheritance

Python Advanced Files (more)

• “os” module allows deletion of files
• “pathlib” module allows deletion of files
• “os” module allows deletion of empty directories
• “shutil” module allows deletion of non-empty directories

Python Advanced Errors (more)

• “with” statement uses exception handling
• “with” statement provides higher code efficiency
• “with” statement does not need file closing
• “raise” allows raising exceptions

Next: Python List Comprehension